Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Example

Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Remote sensing (RS), also called earth observation, refers to obtaining information about objects or areas at the Earth? s surface without being in direct contact with the object or area. Humans accomplish this task with aid of eyes or by the sense of smell or hearing; so, remote sensing is day-today business for people.Remote sensing can be broadly defined as the collection and interpretation of information about an object, area, or event without being in physical contact with the object. Remote-sensing data play a growing role in studies of natural and semi natural environments, a role that stretches from a visual interpretation to sophisticated extraction of information by advanced image analysis and statistical algorithms. In their raw form, as received from imaging sensors mounted on satellite platforms, remotelysensed data generally contain flaws or deficiencies with respect to a particular application.To extract basic information from remotely-sensed data the flaws or deficiencies must remove or corrected. In this paper I will try to describes some important general means of image correction because it is difficult to decide what should be included under the heading of image correction, since the definition of what is, or is not, a deficiency in the data depends to a considerable extent on the use to which those data are to be put. We will write a custom essay sample on Image Processing and Enhancement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Image Processing and Enhancement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Image Processing and Enhancement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So I will discuss the title like image Preprocessing, Digital image, image enhancement and other important titles related to Image correction and better image interpretation means.The other idea raised and discussed in this paper is the relationship between vegetation index and vegetation degradation by using remotely sensed data. 2. Function of image preprocessing and its importance for image Analysis The function of an image preprocessing is a means to applying some methods in order to correct image deficiencies and removal of flaws before using the images for other purposes. Mather and Koch (2011) stated that In their raw form, as received from imaging sensors mounted on satellite platforms, remotely-sensed data generally contain flaws or deficiencies with respect to a particular application.The correction of deficiencies and the removal of flaws present in the data are termed preprocessing because, quite logically, such operations are carried out before the data are used for a pa rticular purpose. 1 Similarly Reddy (2008) discuss the correction of deficiencies and removal of flaws present in the data through some methods are termed as pre-processing methods A Canada Center for remote sensing remote sensing Tutorial also support the idea and describe Preprocessing functions involves those operations that are normally required prior to the main data analysis and xtraction of information. From the above writers we can conclude that preprocess function is a correction of image deficiencies and removal of flaw for better information extraction and analysis. Different writers classified the preprocessing method differently some classified in to two by inculcating the atmospheric correction under radiometric correction. The preprocessing correction model involves the initial processing of raw image data to correct geometric distortions, to calibrate the data radiometric ally and to eliminate the noise present in the data.All pre-processing methods are considered un der three heads, namely, (i) geometric correction methods, (ii) radiometric correction methods, and (iii) atmospheric correction methods. (Reddy, 2008) And the other writers classify preprocessing method in to two by taking atmospheric correction under radiometric correction. Pre-processing operations, sometimes referred to as image restoration and rectification, are intended to correct for sensor- and platform-specific radiometric and geometric distortions of data. CCRS) Even though, different writers classify preprocessing operation differently issue rose under atmospheric correction and other type of correction methods are the same. Depending on the source of error, deficiency correction and flaw removal are divided into two categories these are: ? Radiometric ? Geometric 2. 1. Radio Metric correction Method Radiometric correction is concerned with improving the accuracy of surface spectral reflectance, emitance, or back-scattered measurements obtained using a remote sensing syst em.Detector error correction, Atmospheric and topographic corrections The primary function of remote sensing data quality evaluation is to monitor the performance of the sensors. The performance of the sensors is continuously monitored by applying radiometric correction models on digital Image data sets. The radiance measured by any given system over a given object is influenced by factors, such as, changes in scene illumination, atmospheric conditions, viewing geometry and instrument response characteristics (Lille sand and Kiefer, 2000 cited in Reddy,2008). Radiometric Correction: removal of sensor or atmospheric noise, to more accurately represent ground conditions improve image „fidelity? : In this type correction two important processes are carried out cosmetics correction and Atmospheric correction. 2. 1. 1 Cosmetics correction This operation helps to remove or correct image deficiencies created through sensor defects. According to Bakker and et al (2001), Cosmetics cor rection involves all those operation that are aimed at correcting visible errors and noise in the image data.Defects in the data may be in the form of periodic or random missing lines (line dropout), line striping and random or spike noise. Let us see each defect one by one: A. Missing Scan Lines (line dropout) Missing scan lines occur when a detector fails to operate during a scan. These results in zero brightness value in each pixel of the particular line and will appear black in the image. Line drop: Occurs due to recording problems when one of the detectors of the sensor in question either gives wrong data or stops functioning.The Landsat ETM, for example, has 16 detectors in all its bands, except the thermal band. A loss of one of the detectors would result in every sixteenth scan line being a string of zeros that would plot as a black line on the image. Figure1 Dropped lines The rectangle represents a pixel, as we observe on the right there the picture represent by different D N values but the black lines has no values which means there is zero DN values Which indicates there is failed of a detector for this line. Dropped lines occur when there are systems errors which result in missing or defective data along a scan line.Dropped lines are normally corrected by replacing the line with the pixel values in the line above or below, or with the average of the two. (Gens, 2000) The missing value is replaced by the average of the corresponding pixels on the scan lines above and below the defective line, that is: 3 vij = (vij? 1 + vij+1)/2 Taking the result to the nearest integer if the data are recorded as integer counts. Where the missing line is the first or last line of the image for estimating a missing pixel value along a dropped scan line involves its replacement by the value of the corresponding pixel on the immediately preceding scan line. Mather and Koch,2011) B. Line Striping Line striping occurred by the miss-calibration of one of the detectors on th e sensors. Line striping occurs due to non-identical detector response. Although the detectors for all satellite sensors are carefully calibrated and matched before the launch of the satellite With time the response of some detectors may drift to higher or lower levels, resulting in relatively higher or lower values along every sixth line in the image data. (Gens, 2000) Striping Figure 2 Striping Correction De- StripedLine striping is corrected using various methods look up tables (radiometric response measurements at different brightness levels), onboard calibration or histogram matching (gain and offset) – line pattern (sometimes used in combination). (Gens, 2000) 2. 1. 2 Atmospheric correction All incident rays reflected and emitted radiance pass through in the atmosphere which exposes the radiance for atmospheric scattering or absorption such action takes place in the atmosphere leads to image distortion. Any sensor that records electromagnetic radiation from the Earth? s urface using visible or nearvisible radiation will typically register a mixture of two kinds of energy. The value recorded at any pixel location on a remotely sensed image does not represent the true ground-leaving radiance at that point. Part of the brightness is due to the reflectance of the target of interest and the remainder is derived from the brightness of the atmosphere itself. (Hadjimitsis, 2010) Similar to this idea Bakker and et al (2011) stated that, All reflected and emitted radiations leaving the earth surface are attenuated mainly due to absorption and scattering by the constituents in the atmosphere.The atmosphere induced distortions occur twice in case of sunlight reflection and once in case of emitted radiation. Their effect on remote sensing data can be reduced by applying atmospheric correction techniques. These correction related to the influence of haze, sun angle and sky light. 4 A. Haze reduction Haze affects the contrast of the image by adding the DN values which come from Mie scattering this causes for image blurredness. Aerial and satellite images often contain haze. Presence of haze reduces image contrast and makes visual examination of images difficult. Due toRayleigh scattering Particle size responsible for effect smaller than the radiation? s wavelength (e. g. oxygen and nitrogen). Haze has an additive effect resulting in higher DN values. One means of haze compensation in multispectral data is to observe the radiance recorded over target areas of zero reflectance . For examples, the reflectance of deep clear water is zero in NIR region of the spectrum. Therefore, any signal observed over such an area represents the path radiance. This value can be subtracted from all the pixels in that band Examples 1 a) before haze removal b) After haze removal 2 Figure 3 Haze Reduction 5 B) Sun angle correction According to Bakker and et al. (2011) stated that The position of the sun relative to the earth changes depending on time of the day a nd the day of the year. As a result, the image data of different seasons are acquired under different solar illumination. An absolute correction involves dividing the DN-values in the image data by the sine of the solar elevation angle. Landsat 7 ETM+ color infrared composites acquired with different sun angle. (A) The left image was acquired with a sun elevation of 37 ° and right image. B) With a sun elevation of 42 °. The difference in reflectance is clearly shown. (C) (B) The left image was corrected to meet the right image. Figure 4 Sun angle Correction 2. 2. Geometric Correction Geometric distortion is an error on image which occurred by one of the two possibilities either internally on the geometry of the sensor or externally the altitude of the sensor or the shape of the object. Supporting to this idea Kuznetsov and et al. (2012) describe that geometric distortion is an error on image, between the actual image coordinates and the ideal image coordinates.Geometric distorti on is classified in to internal distortion resulting from the geometry of the sensor and external distortion resulting from the altitude of the sensor or the shape of the object. 6 To correct such geometric distortion on the image we should use different geometric correction methods. Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) stated that geometric corrections include correcting for geometric distortions due to sensor-Earth geometry variations, and conversion of the data to real world coordinates (e. g. latitude and longitude) on the Earths surface.Conversion of the data to real world coordinates are carried by analyzing well distributed Ground Control Points (GCPs). This is done in two steps Geo-referencing: This involves the calculation of the appropriate transformation from image to terrain coordinates. Landsat 30m ETM+ Image Quickbird . 7m Natural Color Image Ground control points are identified between the two images in recognizable locations. These points should be static relative to tempo ral change. In this case road intersections are the best source of GCP’s. Features that move through time (i. e. horelines, etc. ) should be avoided if possible. Figure 5 Georeferencing Geocoding: This step involves resembling the image to obtain a new image in which all pixels are correctly positioned within the terrain coordinate system. Resampling is used to determine the digital values to place in the new pixel locations of the corrected output image. Figure 6 Geo coding 7 There are different techniques of resampling methods according Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) there is three techniques of resampling: 1. Nearest Neighborhood 2. Bi-linear interpolation 3. Cubic Convolution 1.Nearest Neighborhood According to Rees (2011) the nearest neighbor approach uses the value of the closest input pixel for the output pixel value. To determine the nearest neighbor, the algorithm uses the inverse of the transformation matrix to calculate the image file coordinates of the desired geo graphic coordinate. The pixel value occupying the closest image file coordinate to the estimated coordinate will be used for the output pixel value in the geo-referenced image. This means that the nearest pixel value has more influence than apart pixel. Figure7.Nearest Neighborhood ADVANTAGES: †¢ Output values are the original input values. Other methods of resampling tend to average surrounding values. This may be an important consideration when discriminating between vegetation types or locating boundaries. †¢ Since original data are retained, this method is recommended before classification. †¢ Easy to compute and therefore fastest to use. DISADVANTAGES: †¢ Produces a choppy, stair-stepped effect. The image has a rough appearance relative to the original un-rectified data. †¢ Data values may be lost, while other values may be duplicated.Figure 1 shows an input file (orange) with a yellow output file superimposed. Input values closest to the center of each output cell are sent to the output file to the right. Notice that values 13 and 22 are lost while values 14 and 24 are duplicated. 8 2. Bi-linear interpolation The bilinear interpolation approach uses the weighted average of the nearest four pixels to the output pixel. Figure8. Bi-linear interpolation ADVANTAGES: †¢ Stair-step effect caused by the nearest neighbor approach is reduced. Image looks smooth. DISADVANTAGES: †¢ Alters original data and reduces contrast by averaging neighboring values together. Is computationally more expensive than nearest neighbor. 3. Cubic Convolution The cubic convolution approach uses the weighted average of the nearest sixteen pixels to the output pixel. The output is similar to bilinear interpolation, but the smoothing effect caused by the averaging of surrounding input pixel values is more dramatic. Figure9. Cubic Convolution ADVANTAGES: †¢ Stair-step effect caused by the nearest neighbor approach is reduced. Image looks smooth. DIS ADVANTAGES: †¢ Alters original data and reduces contrast by averaging neighboring values together. Is computationally more expensive than nearest neighbor or bilinear interpolation. In general image preprocessing is very essential step for better image analysis and interpretation because it corrects different types of image distortion. 9 Similar to this idea Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) stated that preprocessing includes data operation which normally precedes further manipulation and analysis of the image data to extract specific information. These operations aim to correct distorted or degraded image data to create a more faithful representation of the original scene. . Digital Image Formats and Its Arrangement According to Visual Resource Centre School of Humanities (2011) Digital images are electronic representations of images that are stored on a computer. The most important thing to understand about digital images is that you can? t see them and they don? t have any phys ical size until they are displayed on a screen or printed on paper. Until that point, they are just a collection of numbers on the computer? s hard drive that describe the individual elements of a picture and how they are arranged.These elements are called pixel and they are arranged in a grid format with each pixel containing information about its color or intensity. Most of the time Band interleaved by line (BIL), band interleaved by pixel (BIP), and band sequential (BSQ) take as image digital format but this is not true rather they are schemes for storing the actual pixel values of an image in a file. Figure 10 Digital Data Format 10 According to ESRI resource center there are three common image digital formats these are Band interleaved by line (BIL), band interleaved by pixel BIP), and band sequential (BSQ) are three common methods of organizing image data for multiband images. BIL, BIP, and BSQ are not in themselves image formats but are schemes for storing the actual pixel va lues of an image in a file. While Visual Resource Centre School of Humanities (2010) there are four main file formats for images: TIFF, JPEG, PNG and GIF. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Description: TIFF images are usually used for master image files. They contain image information in a lossless format (i. e. no image information is lost when images are saved) and so tend to be fairly large in size.They are therefore a good format for archiving images, but the large file size makes it an unsuitable format for use in web delivery or in presentation software, such as PowerPoint. Good for: master copies of images as all image information is retained when files are saved (lossless format). But: file sizes tend to be large due to lossless format, so TIFF files are not suitable for web delivery or inclusion in PowerPoint presentations. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) Description: This is the main format that is used for photographic-type images on the web.It is a „lossy? fo rmat: images are compressed when saved and so image information is lost each time the image is edited and saved. The benefit of compression is a reduction in file size, but the down side is that if too much compression is applied, visible artefacts such as highlighting around areas of high contrast may occur. The following images show the effects on quality and file size of differing levels of compression on the same JPEG image notice the blurring around the edges of the statue in the final image.Good for: web delivery of photographic images due to ability to compress images without too much loss of quality, therefore giving smaller file sizes than TIFF formats. But: too much compression can lead to a loss of quality so care needs to be taken with the quality setting used when saving images. GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) 11 Description: Another format encountered on the Internet, the GIF format is usually used for icons or graphics that contain a limited range of flat colors. It is a lossless format (no information is lost when saving), but as limited color capabilities and so is not suitable for displaying photographs. Good for: web delivery of icons and graphics due to small file size and lossless format. But: supports limited range of colors, so is only suitable for certain types of images. PNG (Portable network graphics) Description: PNG is a relatively new web graphics format, designed primarily to replace the GIF format for use on the Internet, and potentially rival TIFF in the long term as an archival format due to its better compression performance.Its main advantages over GIF are an improved lossless compression method and support for „true color. Although software support for the PNG format has been slow in developing, this is now beginning to change and it may become a more common format in the future. Good for: web delivery due to lossless compression technique resulting in files of small size but high quality. But: JPEG format gives be tter results for photographic images, and older web browsers and programs may not support the PNG format. 4. Purpose of image enhancement and Method of Image Enhancement 4. 1.Purpose of Image Enhancement The purpose of image enhancement is forming good contrast to visualize images in a better way in order to understand or extract the intended information from the image. Similarly Vij and singh (2008) discussed Image enhancement is a mean as the improvement of an image appearance by increasing dominance of some features or by decreasing ambiguity between different regions of the image. Image enhancement processes consist of a collection of techniques that seek to improve the visual appearance of an image or to convert the image to a form better suited for analysis by a human or machine.The other writers Shankar Ray (2011) also describe, Image enhancement is the modification of image, by changing the pixel brightness values, to improve its visual impact. Image enhancement techniques a re performed by deriving the new brightness value for a pixel either from its existing value or from the brightness values of a set of surrounding pixels. 12 4. 2. Method of Image Enhancement According to Department of US Army (2003) method of image enhancement classified in to four these are 1) Contrast enhancement 2) band ratio 3) spatial filtering and 4) principle components.The type of enhancement performed will depend on the appearance of the original scene and the goal of the interpretation. This indicate that performing all methods of enhancement for one image may not be necessary and selection of methods are vary depending on for what purpose the image is prepared or what type of information is extracted from the image. 1) Contrast enhancement-such types of enhancement mostly occur to increase the brightness of the image by changing the DN Values of the image. According to Al-amri (2011) one of the most important quality factors in satellite images comes from its contrast.Co ntrast enhancement is frequently referred to as one of the most important issues in image processing. Contrast stretching is an enhancement method performed on an image for locally adjusting each picture element value to improve the visualization of structures in both darkest and lightest portions of the image at the same time. Of course there are different techniques of image contrast enhancement like Liner contrast, histogram equalization, histogram stretch and the like but the mean idea is discussed on above even though there is slight difference performing each techniques.Before contrast enhancement Figure 11 Contrast Enhancement 13 After contrast enhancement 2) Band ratio-using contrast techniques help to enhance the images with related to brightness problems but this technique cannot solve problems like shadowiness and the like such image enhancement is takes place by using band ratio techniques. According to Department of US Army (2003) stated that Band ratio is commonly used band arithmetic method in which one spectral band is proportional with another spectral band.This simple method reduces the effect of shadowing caused by topography, highlights particular image elements, and accentuates temporal differences. 3) Spatial filtering –this types of enhancement is very important to avoid over exaggerated details for specific place in the image. Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) describe spatial filtering as spatial filter is designed to emphasize larger, homogeneous areas of similar tone and reduce the smaller detail in an image, this serve to smooth the appearance of an image. Low pass filters are very useful for reducing random noise.It is occasionally advantageous to reduce the detail and exaggerated particular features in an image 4) Principal components- According to Department of US Army (2003) the principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique that transform the pixel brightness values. These transformations compress the data by drawing out maximum covariance and remove correlated elements. The other writer Rees (2001) also stated that the principal components of a multiband image are the set of linear combination of the bands that are both independent of and also uncorrelated with, one another. . Purpose of image Transformation and Method of Image Transformation 5. 1. Purpose of image Transformation Image transformation is a means to re-express an image in a different manner which means it gives a chance to Cooke in good way. According to UNEP (2005) The Term: Transform means arithmetic operator It is all arithmetic operations that allow the generation of a new composite image from 1 or 2 or more bands of a multi-spectral, multi-temporal, multi-frequencies (wavelengths), multi-polarization, multi-incidence angle images.The resulting image may have properties which makes it suitable to particular purpose than the original. 14 1) New Information extraction from the exited data like Change detection, vegetation info, ge ological info 2. Data dimensionality reduction storage efficiency processing efficiency reduce the # of bands and reduce time 3. Produce more physically relevant spectral feature space Similarly Mather and Koch (2011) discussed an image transform is an operation that reexpresses in a different, and possibly more meaningful, form all or part of the information content of a multispectral or grey scale image.From the above idea we can understand that by applying image transformation with different transformation techniques we can extract new information with best visualization and minimum storage. 5. 2. Method of Image Transformation Different writers classified method of image transformation differently because of their purpose study for this paper I choose UNEP (2005) Method of image transformation. According to UNEP(2005) Method Image transformation can be classified into 6 these are 1. Simple Arithmetic Operations 2. Empirically-Based Image Transformation 3.Principal Component Ana lysis 4. Multiple Discriminant Analysis 5. Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HIS) 6. Fourier Transformation 1. Simple Arithmetic Operations Applying one of arithmetic operation among Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division to perform simple transformation. They performed on 2 or more co-registered images of the same geographical area. The images could be separate spectral bands from single MSS or TM data set or they may be individual band s from data sets that have been imaged at different dates. 1. Image Addition If multiple images of a given region are available for approximately the same date and if part of one of the images has some noise (spectral problem, haze, fog, cloud), then that part can be compensated from the other images available. 15 1. 2 Image Subtraction: To assess the degree of change in an area, two dates of coo-registered images can be used with subtraction operation. October 1988 Figure 12. Change Detection 1. 3 Image Multiplication: May 1992 If the ana lyst is interested in a part of an image, then extracting that area can be done by multiplying the area by 1 and the rest by 0.This applied only when the boundary of the area of interest is irregular. 1. 4 Image Division: Image Ratio: Dividing the pixels in one image by the corresponding pixels in a second image. Most commonly used transformation. It is very important transformation techniques because ? ? Certain aspect of the shape of spectral reflectance curves of the different earth surface cover types can be brought out by ratio. Undesirable effects on the recorded images such as the effect of variable illumination resulting from variation in topography can be reduced by ratio. . Empirically-Based Image Transformation Experience with Landsat MSS data for agriculture areas and with the difficulties encountered in the use of ratio transformed and Principal Component, led to the development of Image Transformation that was based on the OBSERVATIONS: 16 2. 1 Perpendicular Vegetation Index PVI A plot of reflectance measured in the visible red band against reflectance in the Near IR for a partly vegetated area will results in a plot like and use soil line for calculating vegetation distance from the line two-dimension space. . 2 Tasseled Cap Transformation PVI considers spectral variation in two of the 4 Landsat MSS bands and use distance from a soil line in the two-dimension space defined by these two MSS bands a a measure of biomass of green leaf area. 3. Principal Component Analysis PCA Adjacent bands in Multi-spectral Scanner remotely sensed data (images) are generally correlated. Multi-band visible/NIR images of vegetated areas show negative correlation between NIR and visible red bands, and positive correlation among the visible bands Green and Red.This is because of the spectral characteristics of vegetation are such that as vigor or greenness of the vegetation increase the red reflectance diminishes and NIR increases. The presence of correlation among th e bands of the optical reflected MSS images implies that there is REDUNDENCY in the data. This means that some information is being repeated. It is the repetition of the information between bands that is reflected in the correlation. Principal component analysis helps to remove such redundancy through compress the data by drawing out maximum covariance and remove correlated elements. 4.Multiple Discriminant Analysis Image transformation using linear function called discriminant function. It represents the coordinate axes in the dimensional space that defined by the spectral bands which making up the data. As in PCA the relationship between the spectral bands and the discriminant functions axis derived and the coordinates of the individual pixel vector computed in terms of discriminant function. A simple example: if you have two groups of land with special reflectance that can be discriminated on the basis of the measurement in the dimensional space or in the coordinate axis.Some sci entist thinks that this transformation made for special assignment. But despite of that it is found very useful it those special cases where you cannot find solution for them unless using this transformation. 5. Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HIS) Hue: angular variable of the direction of colors Saturation: lightness of the color (toward white) 0-255 scale the amount of white in the color Intensity: color strength 17 I = R+G+B H= (G – B)/I 3B S= (I – 3B)/ I 6. Fourier Transformation All five transformations discussed, they were using multidimensional space (multi-band) of remotely sensed data.Fourier Transformation using single band. The main idea of this transformation is that it uses the gray scale value, which forming a single image or single band, can be viewed as 3-D surface. The raw and column (X,Y) or spatial coordinates defining two axis (X,Y) and the gray scale 0255 value at each pixel giving the 3rd dimension. Therefore, the resulting image or product will s how the frequency of certain feature all around the image. So it is a kind of histogram of the image in 3-D. 6. Vegetation index and relation with vegetation degradation 6. What is Vegetation Index? According to Jackson and huete (1991) Vegetation index is calculating of spectral band of data by combining two or more spectral bands of data. Vegetation indices are formed from combinations of several spectral values that are mathematically recombined in such a way as to yield a single value indicating the amount or vigor of vegetation within a pixel . Campbell, (1996) cited in Freitas and et. al (2005). 6. 2 Vegetation index and degradation –the best method of vegetation index is NDVI which is a normalized vegetation index .It a good means to assess the amount of greenness an area in th inverse NDVI indicates the level of degradation of an area. For example Take Bahirdar image in 1990 winter season and calculate the NDVI value and get a result of 0. 7 and after 10 years in2000 take another image of the same season and calculate the NDVI value and get a result of 0. 2. These indicates that in 1990 Bahirdar was covered by green vegetation while the 2000 image show that most of the areas covered by vegetation is degraded and covered by rocks.If the NDVI value approaches to1 the area has good vegetation cover, if the NDVI value approaches to 0 the area has less vegetation which means the area is covered by rocks and if the NDVI value is negative the area has no vegetation rather the area is covered by snow. 18 7 Digital image classification 7. 1 What is Digital Image

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Standing in the Shoes of a Renaissance Maste - Essay Example The saturation of the object colors also diminishes; the objects color move towards resembling the color of the background, which is mostly light blue. The image illustrates Ariel perspective in various ways. The size of the trees (objects) becomes smaller with increase in distance. Superimposing is also illustrated because the front trees cover the background trees to indicated distance impression. The objects, trees, in between space become more clustered together. The color intensity is great near the viewer; however, it tends to becomes greyer and bluish as the distance increases. Liner perspective has been employed in the painting to form space and distance illusion on the flat surface. In the linear perspective, the artist should imagine the painting as open window for observing the painting work. Straight lines are indicated to represent horizon, and also the visual rays directing the viewer’s eyes to a distance point. In the above painting, the horizontal lines are indicated in the area where the sky seems to meet the ground. The vanishing point in the painting is located near the middle of horizontal line. The vanishing point represents the location where parallel lines that are directed towards horizontal line seem to meet in the distance. Orthogonal lines represents visual rays which enables viewers eyes to see points around edges to vanishing point. These lines are used in the painting to align edges of the hills or ridges. Leonardo Da Vinci was trained during the period of renaissance and eventually turned out to be the master of craft. It was his amazing power of observation and his distinctive skills as an illustrator that helped him to recreate all the different aspects of nature. He is known for adding a special kind of liveliness in his paintings. He was always curious to know the depth of the things and that is what made him observant. He had this constant urge to explain what was in his mind and what he saw in his

Final Project- Step Three Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Project- Step Three - Assignment Example Second (2), I used text with highlights on is edges and separated thoughts through title and subtitle with their accompanying highlights of putting them in bold and underline. The third (3), I put colors on the text. Fourth (4), I used a simple black and white diagram of the internal working structure of a human ear. And lastly (5), I used a full colored diagram of the human ear. The purpose of this approach is for the audience to experience the increasing ease of understand the message or lecture as the mode of visual progresses from simple text to the use of colored diagrams. By using the same subject with different modalities of conveying beginning from a simple text to a full colored diagram, the audience will readily understand how effective visuals in conveying information. This is consistent with the cliche that goes â€Å"A picture is worth a thousand words†. I Calibri text Parts and Functions of the ear The human ear is divided into five parts. These five parts of hum an ear, have specific functions that help in the process of hearing. Parts of Human Ear The parts of the human ear include: Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Acoustic Nerve Central Auditory Processing Centers Outer ear is divided into the pinna and the external auditory meatus. The pinna, also known as the auricle is the external ear part that is located and seen on each side of our head. It is made up of cartilage and soft tissue. This helps in maintaining a particular ear shape and remains pliable. The pinna is like a funnel that collects the sound vibrations from around us and funnels them towards the external auditory meatus(Buzzle.com,nd). II Times New Roman with titles and subtitles Parts and Functions of the ear The human ear is divided into five parts. These five parts of human ear, have specific functions that help in the process of hearing. Parts of Human Ear The parts of the human ear include: Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Acoustic Nerve Central Auditory Processing Centers Outer ear is divided into the pinna and the external auditory meatus. The pinna, also known as the auricle is the external ear part that is located and seen on each side of our head. It is made up of cartilage and soft tissue. This helps in maintaining a particular ear shape and remains pliable. The pinna is like a funnel that collects the sound vibrations from around us and funnels them towards the external auditory meatus (Buzzle.com,nd) . III Texts with colors Parts and Functions of the ear The human ear is divided into five parts. These five parts of human ear, have specific functions that help in the process of hearing. Parts of Human Ear The parts of the human ear include: Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Acoustic Nerve Central Auditory Processing Centers Outer ear is divided into the pinna and the external auditory meatus. The pinna, also known as the auricle is the external ear part that is located and seen on each side of our head. It is made up of cartilage and soft tissue. This helps in maintaining a particular ear shape and remains pliable. The pinna is like a funnel that collects the sound vibrations from around us and funnels them towards the external auditory meatus (Buzzle.com,nd) . IV Diagram of the ear in black and white Source: Gallaudet university V

A Sound Of Thunder Essay

A Sound Of Thunder Essay Everything in life has a certain cause and effect whether it is good or bad there is always going to be a reaction to anything one does. This can be used to describe the Butterfly effect, which is a somewhat accepted theory. Ray Bradburys sharp imagination and knowledge helped to develop his story and portray his message that anything, big or small can and will have consequences in the end even if it is millions of years later. Ray Bradburys demeanor and philosophy had a lot to do with how he wrote his stories. When asked if patience was the reason he preferred short stories to novels he replied, Turn a liability into an asset. My attention is not there. So, I write what I can write: short stories (Weller). Most of Ray Bradburys work was in fact short stories. He preferred them over novels due to his lack of attention. When asked if his sense of optimism was important to his career he replied, I dont believe in optimism. I believe in optimal behavior. Thats a different thing. If you behave every day of your life to the top of your genetics, what can you do? Test it. Find out. You dont know-you havent done it yet. You must live life at the top of your voice! At the top of your lungs shout and listen to the echoes (Weller). Bradburys outlook on life certainly affected his way of writing, he was very positive and believed in achieving ones own dreams and goals. His intelligence is much reflected in his writing . Mr. Bradbury himselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦saw the strange and miraculous everywhere, and mastered the art of spinning them into enduring yarns (Machiko). Bradburys attitude and personality had a major effect on his style of writing. Science fiction being his forte his persona and his literature went hand in hand. Bradburys self-education and positive, inspiring outlook played a huge role in the way his writing was perceived. The known Butterfly effect plays a big role in this short story. It is evident that The term The Butterfly Effect is often connected to Bradburys story (Faye). The butterfly effect is a theory that supports the idea that one small change in time could alter reality forever. The role that the butterfly effect plays in the story portrays the main theme. Its an interesting coincidence that Bradbury chose a butterfly to symbolize the chaotic effect multiplied over time (Taylor). Although the butterfly effect was not discussed in the story, it is obvious this is what Bradbury is referring to due to the series of events. This is true because in the story a trivial event such as crushing a butterfly could change the sequence of events in the future, which is the essence of the butterfly effect. His illustration of a ripple effect on the timeline caused by a seemingly unrelated events over a long period of time Is not only demonstrated by the climax of the story but it is also explained in t he context of the story (Taylor). The ripple effect and the butterfly effect are essentially the same theory, the ripple effect having more to do with the consequences. Both of these theories mirror the central theme in the story. Both the butterfly and ripple effect set up the big idea or message behind the story. Time travel also plays a substantial role in A Sound of Thunder. Bradburys tale serves not only to entertain but also to speculate on the dangers of time travel (Taylor). In the short story the crushing of the butterfly happens when a hunter goes back in the distant past to kill a tyrannosaurus. This shows that said time travel can be dangerous if it has the potential to alter and affect reality later down the road. The encounter with the tyrannosaurus forms the heart of the story with Bradburys eloquent prose transporting the reader along with the hunting expedition sixty-million years into the past (Taylor). The hunting trip sets up the rising action in the story which leads to the climatic event later on. Time travel obviously created a clear and present danger in the context of the story. In the intervening 60 years, physicists have reconsidered our understanding of time and the plausibility of Bradburys classic tale (Faye). Although Bradbury does talk about time travel and it is relevant in the context of the story, it is a fictional aspect of the story. I think Bradbury was focused more on the message and theme he was trying to get across rather than the fictional or non-fictional aspects of it. Needless to say Bradburys take on time travel did incite many questions from many people. Bradburys story is based on a very relevant and knowledgeable topic. Faye states that The story is interesting because of the whole concept of changing history, and that tiny change in the past could have enormous repercussions in the future (Faye). Many positive outlooks have been inferred from this story. One message that this story could possibly send is that everything that is done will have some kind of outcome or consequence. Faye observes that In Bradburys story tweaking reality 65 million years ago would either have no effect, or the ripples would have grown so large that all civilization would be different, or perhaps humanity wouldnt have evolved at all (Faye). This portrays the big idea of the future being altered due to one small event or change in time. The belief is that anything that is done will either produce a positive or negative outcome. An inference that can be drawn from the story is stated by Faye in saying that The questions Bradbury raised about time remain u nsolved. And so a sound of thunder remains provocative and influential, and its impact will send ripples through time for decades to come (Faye). This story definitely requires a higher level of thinking to thoroughly comprehend due to the very complex ideas and theories that are involved within it. The story is a complicated piece of literature that can and has produce many different responses on the topic discussed. A Sound of Thunder showcased Ray Bradburys un-paralleled knowledge on time and the butterfly effect. Ray Bradbury was a self-educated, positive man. He never went to college or had any higher education but instead educated himself by visiting the library multiple times a week for over 10 years, through this; he developed a very keen understanding and skill for writing science fiction. His philosophy and message he portrayed in his writing and through the kind of person he was is that of an inspiring and intelligent one. Bradbury cared about the industry and line of work he was in and worried about the future of it. All of Bradburys writings all carry a message that requires an open mind and a positive outlook to fully understand and appreciate. A sound of thunder is a well thought out short story that addresses an event that humans engage in everyday, which is just action. The message that the whole story tries to accomplish is to think about an action before it is done, because no matter how small one might think that action is, the consequences could be enormous and have either po sitive or negative effects later on. Bradbury does a magnificent job of portraying this style of thought and outlook which is why he had a huge response to this short story by many different types of people and why he is a literary giant and a personal favorite to many who prefer reading intriguing, complex short stories.

Essay --

Countless philosophies over centuries have overlooked and undermined the significance of indigenous African religions. Africa is a mainland that has long been shrouded in a cover of misjudging and stigma. The general misguided judgments about Africans are boundless and strike almost every part of African society and social orders incorporating religion. Many of the religions do not write and document everything but rather add more importance to oral history and rituals. Colonization and philosophers like Emile Durkheim have consciously or subconsciously stripped these religions of their value. Durkheim does not believe in animism because scientific laws or morals cannot back it up. Many indigenous African religions believe strongly in spirits and souls that link them to God. The idea of an isolated God does not make the supernatural un-important in Africa religions. Indigenous African indigenous religions share the same teachings like Christianity or Islam and we should not allow European philosophers as well as colonization diminishes its value. It is imperative to note that the soonest distributed perceptions about African Indigenous Religion are discovered in the reports of European voyagers, adventurers, preachers and frontier executors who interacted with the Africans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their works were not insightful or efficient studies yet easy perceptions and shallow records intended to speak to western mindset and group of onlookers. According to the film â€Å"50 Years Later† you can grasp an understanding of the image philosophers and Europeans painted about Africans, like in the eighteenth century when Scottish philosopher David Hume said â€Å" I am apt to suspect the Negroes to be naturally inferi... ..., we revealed that regardless of a few collaborations by the ethnic nationalities with drives of imperialism, it is not simple to completely re-make the vision and observation of the individuals. While a few components of their social legacy have changed because of contacts with westernization, some different components that aggregate up into the people’s society have remained to a great extent unblemished, local and unaltered. In any case, pioneer attitude, and introductory biases and negativism have frustrated momentous research and usage for supportable advancement. This work is, hence, a clarion call for profound reflection that religion-social legacy has the limit for organizing deductive improvement generally. Society is crucial to societal improvement. There is underdevelopment in most nations in Africa in light of the fact that the foundations are broken.

Bloomability

The title is a newly configured word created by the author, which combines the meaning of the words â€Å"bloom†, and â€Å"ability'. This also encapsulates the meaning of possibility. In this book the main character â€Å"Dominique† (Deadline), has many opportunities. She considers them as burdens rather than possibilities. Her father had rather unsteady and unstable professions. He could not hold a permanent Job for long periods. The family therefore moves to different states frequently. By the time she was 12 years old , they had relocated 12 times.Every place they traveled to leads to more troubles. Eventually, her brother Crick landed In Jail. Her sister Stella, eloped to marry a marine, when she was 16 years old. Fortunately, she returned to the family and confessed her marriage . She was unable to make them believe her. To the surprise of the family, one day Stella goes into labor! The next day Dine began her â€Å"second life†. On the day following the b irth of Stall's baby, her mother's sister Sandy and brother in law Max arrived. WhenAdenine's father was absent, they took Dine away, with the permission of her mother. Dine did not know were she was going and was unaware of the reason for the trip. They drove to the airport and boarded a flight. Dine was very confused. When they got on to the airplane Aunt Sandy told Dine that she was going to attend an international private school in Serialized. Aunt Sandy was going to teach there and Uncle Max was going to be the principal. Dine explores Laguna and finds exciting things to do. She wishes she was home with her family.When Dine attends the school she meets people from all over the world . Len her school it is required for them to learn the Italian language. She makes friends with an American girl, Lila, an American boy, Guthrie, a Spanish girl, Belle and a Chinese boy, Kisses. Unlike Dine, Lila has a very strong personality. Lila doesn't care what other people think about her. She is always complaining. Everyone thinks that she is arrogant but Dine still likes her. The class always goes on amazing trips. They go to SST. Morale for snow skiing.On a skiing trip Dullness two friends, Lila and Guthrie get caught In an avalanche. Luckily, thanks to Deadline, (who saw where they were going), they are able to be rescued. At the end of the year, Dullness aunt and uncle give her a choice: Go home to America for the summer and come back In the fall, or go back to America permanently. The book ends at this point. It Is never said what her decision was. The reader Is left to use her Imagination as to what decision Dine made. This makes the book an even more enjoyable read and you are left guessing how the story

5 Things That Will Make You Successful - EssaySupply.com

5 Things That Will Make You Successful 5 Things That Will Make You Successful 1. A Willingness to Take Ownership Things go wrong for everybody. However, if you approach negative situations with a willingness to take the lead and fix things, you are going to find that being successful comes much easier to you. It is people who take ownership of situations who are sought out for leadership positions, and who are respected by their peers for their willingness to take on difficult tasks. For example, if you  need  essay help you can find a solution in ordering it from a writing service.  The difference between taking ownership and taking responsibility is that taking responsibility is acknowledging and fixing your own mistakes. Taking ownership means that you are taking on the responsibility of creating a good situation out of a bad situation even if you aren't the cause. 2. The Refusal to Engage in Negative Self Talk Negative self talk can happen in many different ways. After a major mistake, you might tell yourself that you are stupid. Other forms of negative self talk can be a bit more subtle, however the results are just as devastating. For example, you may apply self-defeating labels to yourself such as, I'm just not a lucky person, or life is unfair for me. In many cases, negative self talk stops you from trying new things, or it serves as a way to excuse you from trying. I could never be brave enough to go skydiving, and I'm just not a math person are two examples of this. 3. The Ability to Bounce Back Everybody fails, and everybody has bad things happen to them. Successful people find a way to bounce back because the possess resiliency. Some people may confuse resiliency for toughness, but this isn't accurate. Toughness can indicate that something bad happens and you don't care or aren't all that impacted by it. It also indicates that you recover quickly and without much effort. On the other hand, resiliency is a trait that simply gives you the willingness to do what it takes to come back from a tragedy or setback. This is something that might take hours, or it might take years. The point of resiliency is that you actively work towards getting back to normal without wallowing. 4. An Insatiable Curiosity Successful people are constant learners. They read, they take classes, and they seek knowledge from others. They don't need even need to be working towards a particular goal, although they often are. In many cases, it is simply intellectual curiosity that spurs them along. Successful people don't only possess intellectual curiosity, however, they are also curious about other people. This gives most successful people the personable nature that is required to relate and work well with other people. 5. The Willingness to Ask For Help Successful people surround themselves with other people who are smart, talented, and goal-oriented. Then, they ask those people for help and advice when they need it. Being students they sometimes ask for help from  college essay writing services.  This is because most successful people realize that nobody obtains success without getting help from others. When they are able, they pay that help forward to others who need it.

Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere

Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere Sybil Ludington (April 5, 1761–February 26, 1839) was a young woman who lived in rural Dutchess County, New York, close to the Connecticut border, during the American Revolution. The daughter of a commander in the Dutchess County militia, 16-year-old Sybil is said to have ridden 40 miles into what is today Connecticut to warn members of her fathers militia that the British were about to attack their neighborhood. Fast Facts: Sybil Ludington Known For: Warning the Colonial militia that the British were comingBorn: April 5, 1761 in Fredericksburg, New YorkParents: Col. Henry Ludington and Abigail LudingtonDied: February 26, 1839 in Unadilla, New YorkEducation: UnknownSpouse: Edmond OgdenChildren: Henry Ogden Early Life Sybil Ludington was born on April 5, 1761, in Fredericksburg, New York, the eldest of 12 children of Henry and Abigail Ludington. Sybils father (1739–1817) was a prominent figure in Fredericksburg- he had taken part in the Battle of Lake George in 1755 and served in the French and Indian War. He owned about 229 acres of undeveloped land in what is today New York State, and he was a mill owner. As a farmer and mill owner in Patterson, New York, Ludington was a community leader and volunteered to serve as the local militia commander as war with the British loomed. His wife Abigail (1745–1825) was a cousin; they married on May 1, 1760. As the eldest daughter, Sybil (spelled Sibel or Sebel in documentary records) assisted with childcare. Her ride in support of the war effort is said to have taken place on April 26, 1777. Sybils Ride According to the story as reported in a 1907 biography of Colonel Ludington, on Saturday night, April 26, 1777, a messenger arrived at Colonel Ludingtons home, saying that the town of Danbury had been burned by the British, and the militia was needed to furnish the troops for General Gold Selleck Silliman (1732–1790). The members of Ludingtons militia were scattered in their homes, and the Colonel needed to stay at his residence to muster the troops. He told Sybil to ride for the men and tell them to be at his house by daybreak. She did, riding on a horse with a mans saddle, bearing the news of the sack of Danbury. By daybreak, nearly the whole regiment was mustered at her fathers house and they went out to fight the battle. Mapping the Ride In the 1920s, historians of the Enoch Crosby Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) mapped the possible route of Sybils ride using a list of the locations of the militia members and a contemporary map of the region. It was estimated to have been about 40 miles, three times as long as that of Paul Reveres ride. By some accounts, she traveled on her horse, Star, through the towns of Carmel, Mahopac, and Stormville, in the middle of the night, in a rainstorm, on muddy roads, shouting that the British were burning Danbury and calling out the militia to assemble at Ludingtons home. The 400-some troops were not able to save the supplies and the town at Danbury- the British seized or destroyed food and munitions and burned the town- but they were able to stop the British advance and push them back to their boats, in the Battle of Ridgefield on April 27, 1777. Becoming a Heroine The earliest report of Sybils ride we have is from over a century later, an 1880 account in a book named History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise and Progress by Martha J. Lamb. Lamb said she had gotten her information from the family and had used a wide array of correspondence and interviews with private individuals, as well as genealogical references. The 1907 reference cited above is a biography of Colonel Ludington, written by historian Willis Fletcher Johnson and privately published by Ludingtons grandchildren, Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington. Sybils ride only takes up two pages (89–90) of the 300-page book. The surmised route for the ride was marked by historical markers to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the American Revolution: theyre still there today, and theres a tale about the existence of Sybils Oak and that her horse was called Star. Writer Vincent Dacquino reports that according to records assembled in the 1930s, George Washington visited the Ludingtons to thank Sybil, but letters describing that visit were lost even then. Legacy of Sybil Ludington In a 2005 article, historian Paula Hunt tracked down the available information about Sybil, and describes the growth of the story in importance throughout the 20th century, setting its various meanings within the context of current events. In the Victorian era, the American Revolution was an important meme about nativism: groups like the DAR (established in 1890), the Colonial Dames of America (1890), and the Mayflower Descendants (1897)  all were situating descendants of people in the original 13 colonies as real Americans, in comparison to new immigrants. During the Great Depression, Sybils ride became an icon of the ability for ordinary people to perform extraordinary feats during times of adversity. In the 1980s, she represented the growing feminist movement, highlighting the way womens roles in history have been forgotten or downplayed. When those tales compared her favorably to Paul Revere (three times as long as Reveres ride, and she wasnt captured by the British), the story was attacked as fraudulent and feminist-biased: in 1996, the DAR refused to put a marker on her grave establishing her has a recognized patriot. The group eventually changed its mind in 2003. Its a Great Story, But... Sybil Ludington was a real person, but whether her ride happened or not has been debated. Since the original publication of the tale nearly a century after it is said to have occurred, Sybils story has been embellished: there are numerous childrens books, television programs, and poems written about her. A 4,000-pound sculpture of her ride was erected on the shores of Lake Gleneida in 1961, a U.S. postage stamp featuring her was issued in 1975, an episode of the PBS TV Series Libertys Kids featured her; and there has even been a musical and an opera performing her story. The Annual Sybil Ludington 50 / 25 K Run has been held in Carmel, New York every year since 1979. As Paula Hunt puts it, the Sybil story, whether it actually happened or not, indicates that people are, despite their reputation, interested in the past. Sybils ride has become a dramatic origin myth about American identity, as a heritage and as civic engagement, it embodies courage, individuality, and loyalty. Marriage and Death Sybil herself married Edmond (sometimes recorded as Edward or Henry) Ogden on October 21, 1784, and afterward lived in Unadilla, New York. Edmond was a sergeant in the Connecticut regiment; he died on September 16, 1799. They had one son, Henry Ogden, who became a lawyer and a New York State Assemblyman. Sybil applied for a widows pension in April 1838 but was turned down because she couldnt provide evidence of their marriage; she died in Unadilla on February 26, 1839. Sources Dacquino, Vincent T. Patriot Hero of the Hudson Valley: The Life and Ride of Sybil Ludington. Charleston SC: The History Press, 2019.  Sybil Ludington. Forgotten Voices. JCTVAccess KJLU’s News Department, YouTube, February 19, 2018.Hunt, Paula D. Sybil Ludington, the Female Paul Revere: The Making of a Revolutionary War Heroine. The New England Quarterly 88.2 (2015): 187–222.Johnson, Willis Fletcher. Colonel Henry Ludington: A Memoir. New York: Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington, 1907.

History of Visual Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of Visual Effects - Essay Example That is the mystery and beauty of visual effects. Even though visual effects have had such a huge impact on our movie and television viewing habits, most people do not know the first thing about the history of this art form. This paper will serve as a historical look into the history of visual effects from the time of silent films, all the way to the most recent success of visual effects in The Life of Pi. The purpose of this paper is to allow people an inside look into the history of visual effects and how the pioneers had to struggle to create the art form that has almost been perfected in the 21st century thanks to computer graphic imaging. While previous generations may think that visual effects started with the Star Wars Prequel, in reality, these visual effects have a history that goes far back deeper than 1970's Hollywood. It was actually in 1856 when Oscar Rejlander became the first person to successfully use trick photography to create a single image. His special effects bre akthrough was done through the use of 30 different sections of negatives, spliced together to create one image. Then in 1985 Alfred Clarke built upon the success of Rejlander by creating the first motion picture special effect for the movie Mary, Queen of Scots. With Clarke instructing an actor to step up and block Mary's costume, an executioner was shown preparing to let his ax fall on her neck. At that point, Clarke ordered all the actors to stop moving while the actor playing Mary was taken off the set. A dummy was placed in her stead and when filming restarted, the ax severed the dummy's head. Thus, the love affair of the cinema with special effects began (â€Å"A Brief History of Movie Special Effects†). However, it was not until 1896 when the stop trick method was accidentally discovered by French magician Georges Melies. It was an effect that was created when while filming a street scene in Paris his camera jammed. Upon review, he found that the â€Å"stop trick† turned a truck into a hearse, his pedestrians walked in an alternate direction, and men somehow became women. Now being the stage manager at the local Theatre Robert - Houdin, he discovered an inspiration that led him to create more than 500 short films until 1914. He developed the now considered ancient effects techniques of multiple exposure, time lapse, dissolves, and hand painted color. His uncanny ability to create visual effects earned him the nickname â€Å"Cinemagician†. When he created his ode to Jule's Vern’s From the Earth to the Moon as Le Voyage dans la Lune (1902), he used a combination of live action, animation, and miniature with matte painting work (â€Å"The Grand Illusion: A Century of Special Effects†). Movie masters of this era concede that their special effects were highly influenced by magician stage tricks. Perspective exploitation and forced perspective were but a few of the old stage magic that worked quite well on film. The years fro m 1910 to 1920 saw the rapid growth of visual effects, particularly the Matte Shots done by Norman Dawn. While the Schuftan Process -- considered modifications of theater illusions, and still photography began to influence the craft in the 1920's and 1930's. This development led to the use of rear projection in cinemas which substituted moving pictures to create moving backgrounds. Visual effects also began to develop facial masks to help along the illusion of visual effects.

Mc Donalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mc Donalds - Essay Example ing out of the 1990s, the company had gained an ugly reputation for having ‘single-handedly’ led the nation to its current dangerous levels of obesity (Branch, 1997). Reviled for its unhealthy food products and questioned about its quality, the numerous appeals the company made to try to appease the public were solidly rejected. However, McDonalds seems to be making a strong come-back based upon its new campaign focused on intelligent and healthy choices as revealed on their website. McDonald’s current marketing campaign makes constant appeals to the intellect and to healthy living. Rather than using the obvious color ploys of yesteryear’s designs, the McDonalds website (http://www.mcdonalds.com) offers rich tones of color that introduce sophistication and complication to the simpler red and yellows of the chain’s early years. However, bright colors are still used on the kids’ pages reserved for very young children, still learning how to use the mouse and keyboard. This is in keeping with psychological and developmental studies that suggest very young children are more attracted to simple, bright color schemes (Ratner, 1989). The site is also very sophisticated in its use of technology, providing combinations of fully integrated streaming media, flash game pages and easy and accessible xhtml pages. These impressions are backed up with the content of the site in which consumers are made to feel as if everything they want to know is ava ilable on the site, education is stressed through the emphasis placed on Hamburger University and children’s activities are geared to teach as well as provide entertainment while still supposedly revealing to children (who likely can’t read yet) that this site is an advertisement. In addition to these appeals to the consumer’s presumed intellect, and perhaps more importantly to its own success, the company is also making tremendous appeals to the public’s need for healthier food choices. Their biggest push